文明破晓 (English Translation)

— "This world needs a more advanced form of civilization"

Blood Gem (15)

Volume 4: Peace and Development · Chapter 85

Compared to his complete trust in his students, Li Dazhao did not believe that He Rui would reveal the entire strategy for the war against Britain. However, Li Dazhao also didn't think He Rui would come up with a fake strategy to fool the scholars.

Analyze what is at hand first. Li Dazhao organized the students to write the content he copied on the blackboard, and then told the students the order in which He Rui explained the strategy. There was not much content; the students quickly finished taking notes and began to pool their wisdom for analysis.

The teachers and students analyzed until late at night, but there was still no progress. So much so that a student questioned wearily, "Could this be a smokescreen?"

Li Dazhao actually had such suspicions, but in the end, he was willing to believe that He Rui wouldn't do this. If He Rui lied to intellectuals, there was only one reason: He Rui completely distrusted the intellectual circle. If so, He Rui had no need to meet with the intellectual circle at all. After reaching such a conclusion, Li Dazhao replied, "Analyze it in detail again."

The teachers and students were busy for a long time, and it was almost 12 o'clock. Everyone's eyelids were fighting, so Li Dazhao could only let the students go back to rest first and continue tomorrow.

Nothing happened overnight. Just after Li Dazhao woke up the next day and was brushing his teeth, footsteps sounded outside, and a student rushed in, "Mr. Li, go and look quickly; someone has analyzed that strategy!"

Li Dazhao was overjoyed. Ignoring that he had only brushed half of his teeth, he rinsed his mouth hurriedly. With white foam still on the corners of his mouth, Li Dazhao asked quickly, "Who analyzed it?"

"It's written on the blackboard!" the student answered happily.

Li Dazhao was stunned. Impossible! Didn't he ask the students to erase the words on the blackboard when leaving yesterday?

Hurrying to the small classroom with the student, seeing the chalk writing on the blackboard, Li Dazhao understood. It turned out that everyone was very tired last night, and the student who cleaned the blackboard just wiped it casually, so many handwritings were still visible. But the most important thing was that a draft copy forgotten by some student yesterday was placed on the teacher's podium.

Li Dazhao picked it up and looked at it, shaking his head involuntarily. Although there was only strategic content on it, it was enough as a basis for strategic analysis.

As for the handwriting on the blackboard, current students would be unfamiliar with it, but Li Dazhao was not. It turned out that the young man had returned. After quickly reading the analysis content once, Li Dazhao praised in a low voice, "Exquisite!"

Other students had already read it with excitement. They had finished copying the analysis and were discussing in low voices. The method of this analysis was different from the analysis of teachers and students yesterday. First, disassemble each not-so-long paragraph into various vocabularies and explain the vocabularies.

Using the explanation of vocabularies as the analysis basis, analyze the logical relationship in each sentence on this basis, and then looking at this short strategic content, one can see the significance.

At this time, Li Dazhao was certain that the strategic thinking provided by He Rui was true, but he did not let his mood scatter. He asked the students to clean the blackboard after copying, and turned to go to the school guesthouse himself. Sure enough, that young man's name was prominently on the check-in record of the school guesthouse. Arriving at Room 121, the door was unlocked. Pushing open the door, Li Dazhao saw the long-lost tall figure. The young man was packing his things. Seeing Li Dazhao come in, he came forward happily to greet him, "Mr. Li, long time no see."

Li Dazhao still remembered the high-spirited appearance of the group of young people when they went to various places three years ago. However, the changes in two years were earth-shaking. After a moment of silence, he sighed, "How is the party affairs?"

The young man answered readily, "I have already joined the Civilization Party."

Li Dazhao didn't say anything, just sat down. He knew that in the past year or so, the key contradictions plaguing China were prioritized and solved by the Civilization Party. Although various contradictions always existed in society, after the most intense survival problems were solved, various contradictions based on seeking development appeared milder. Other political parties in society besides the Civilization Party transformed into 'clubs' in a very short time, becoming groups discussing China's future development.

Those young people who truly wanted to do something for the country flocked to join the Civilization Party, or joined the government, or joined the army. In a very short time, passionate youth from all over China were absorbed.

These changes did not make Li Dazhao unhappy. The purpose of the revolution was to revitalize China. Since China had restored its independent status and obviously there was no threat of foreign invasion, Li Dazhao was naturally more concerned about current major events. "I read your analysis; is Britain that weak?"

The young man had already poured water for Li Dazhao and placed the cup in front of the teacher before answering calmly, "Mr. Li, it's not that Britain is weak, but the strategic setting was never to defeat Britain. But to make Britain sit down and compromise."

Seeing that Li Dazhao still didn't quite understand, the young man sat opposite Li Dazhao and continued to explain, "Current Chinese people's cognition of war is still the old-style war in historical novels. In the current world, war is highly bound to the economy. It's just that the current economic interests are too large, domestic contradictions in various countries are too intense, and the powers are concentrated in Europe. European countries have small strategic depths and cannot tolerate major failures. That's why it looks incomparably tragic, as if they must fight to the last man and last gun. The battlefield depth of this Sino-British war is extremely large. Although interests involved are wide, there is various room for maneuvering. The war will not reach the extent where one of China or Britain must fall."

Listening to this explanation, Li Dazhao felt something but couldn't fully understand it, so he pursued the key points. The teacher and student chatted unconsciously for more than an hour. When Li Dazhao was exhausted, he still felt he couldn't thoroughly understand these. However, one thing had been proven: He Rui wanted to fight an imperialist war with Britain, the leader of imperialism.

According to the young man's analysis, the He Rui government's chance of winning this war was actually quite large.

"Then what are you going to do in the future?" Li Dazhao stopped talking about the war.

The young man answered frankly, "I was assigned to work in Shaanxi. I came to the capital, to Beiping this time, to participate in training. After the training ends, I will go to work in the Suide Municipal Committee."

Li Dazhao remembered now that the Central Party School of the Civilization Party in Beiping was conducting a new session of training recently. After inquiring, he learned that the young man opposite was indeed here to receive training at the Party School. He sighed, "I heard that the Civilization Party has very strict political censorship. Do they really not care about previous experiences?"

The young man laughed, "Mr. Li, as far as I know, they definitely care. But the Civilization Party is originally left-wing, and its acceptance of the left wing is much higher than that of the right wing. Many southern revolutionaries failed to pass. Those revolutionary youths who were previously right-wing even tried every means to contact us, wanting us to testify for them that they were actually on the same path as us."

Li Dazhao sighed, "He Rui's attitude towards the Comintern is really unfriendly."

This 'Comintern' refers to the Third International. After the outbreak of World War I, the Second International fell into division. In November 1918, the Bolsheviks initiated a representative conference of left-wing socialists from European and American countries in Petrograd and made a resolution to prepare for the construction of the Third International. In January 1919, a representative conference of 8 Communist Parties and Communist groups and left-wing socialist parties was held in Moscow, and an invitation letter to convene the founding congress of the Third International was issued in the name of the 8 parties. From March 2 to 6, 1919, the International Communist Representative Conference, that is, the First Congress of the Third International, was held in Moscow, attended by 52 delegates from 35 political parties and groups in 21 countries. Representatives of the proletariat from China, Korea, and other Eastern countries attended the meeting as observers.

The Third International took Marxism-Leninism as its theoretical basis. The task it set for itself was to unite the working class and the laboring masses, overthrow the rule of capitalism and imperialism, establish a worldwide dictatorship of the proletariat, establish a World Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, completely eliminate classes, and realize socialism and communism.

The 'unfriendly' Li Dazhao mentioned was because although He Rui always admitted that he was a communist, and the Civilization Party government also defined the current Republic of China as a 'socialist country,' the Civilization Party and the new government explicitly stated that they would not accept any management of China's internal affairs by foreign forces.

The reason for such a statement was also simple. The Third International was a unified world Communist Party, and Communist Parties of various countries served as its branches and were directly led by it. It was a highly centralized leadership center, unified leadership of the revolutionary movements of various countries, and parties of various countries must execute its decisions. It had the right to decide the lines, strategies, and leaders of the parties of various countries, could veto or modify the decisions of the parties of various countries, expel and dissolve any branch, and send resident representatives to the parties of various countries.

Li Dazhao never managed to communicate with He Rui on this matter. One of the reasons was naturally that the two were not familiar, but the most important reason was that Li Dazhao hadn't figured out how to ask questions.

If He Rui opposed communism, Chinese communists could raise questions about political cognition. If He Rui was an old-style dictator, Chinese communists could also raise objections regarding social progress.

The new Republic government was a true party-political civil servant government. Regarding the activities of foreign forces in China, it was only discussed through parliamentary proposals, and finally, a "Foreign Power Management Act" was proposed. It did not exterminate foreign forces but required them to declare their identities and conduct activities completely openly.

Although there were violent parts such as various arrests and trials in the "Foreign Power Management Act," they were aimed at those guys who hid their identities. If one openly expressed one's 'foreign power' identity, one could still legally exist in China. Even Li Dazhao couldn't find any part to question.

Moreover, the "Foreign Power Management Act" itself was not directed against the Comintern; all foreign forces were under the jurisdiction of this law. Whether the left wing or the right wing in China, even the landlords and gentry whom both He Rui and Li Dazhao regarded as 'reactionaries in a sense,' had a basic consensus with He Rui and Li Dazhao on pursuing the recovery of complete sovereignty and completing the true unification of the country. On this basic consensus, no Chinese political party dared to consider itself a 'foreign power.'

And He Rui had never fabricated any reasons from beginning to end. Just the program of the Comintern had confirmed too much. Not to mention the fact that Communist Parties of various countries accepted the leadership of the Comintern headquarters in Moscow, the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) occupied a unique position in the International, known as the "most powerful leading branch of the Comintern." This already put the Chinese Comintern faction... if there really was such a group of people... in an extremely disadvantageous political position, having to engage in underground activities.

If one could achieve China's liberation without becoming a member of the Comintern, no one would insist on jumping out to find trouble for themselves.

Excluding this part, the Comintern really had no attraction in China. Especially for those who had truly studied the Comintern. And it was not difficult to study communist countries; the Institute of Culture and History of the new government provided various materials, and genuine materials at that.

In 1919, Lenin made the "Theses and Report on Bourgeois Democracy and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat." The meeting adopted Lenin's report as the political program of the Comintern and also adopted documents such as the "Manifesto of the Communist International" and "Platform of the Communist International" drafted by Lenin. The Third International was proclaimed established, with its headquarters in Moscow. The congress elected an 8-member Executive Bureau composed of K.G. Rakovsky, Lenin, G. Zinoviev, L.D. Trotsky, and F. Platten, and an Executive Committee composed of representatives from parties in Russia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and the Balkan League, with Zinoviev as chairman.

In March 1919, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was established, and in April, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was established in Germany. The Third International played an active role. The Communist Youth International (Young Communist International) established in November 1919 also became a branch of the Third International.

At this time in China, as long as one did not insist on considering oneself a foreign power, the new government was very tolerant of politics, especially the left wing. Because of the achievements of He Rui and the Civilization Party, no one dared to attack He Rui as a foreign power yet. So He Rui called himself a communist, and the Civilization Party defined the Republic as a socialist country, giving the left wing a comprehensive platform politically. Everyone was not stupid; foreign power was not a good reputation in China. Let alone admitting to be a foreign power, even being labeled as a foreign power would make one a rat crossing the street, truly shouted at by everyone.

Among the current left wing, most of those closest to the Comintern just felt that such an alliance looked very powerful. Some considered whether they could use the Comintern to expand China's influence. There were really no people who believed that China must join the Comintern. Or it could be completely ignored.

Facing Li Dazhao's view, the young man answered frankly, "Sir, I agree with Chairman He's view. If the Comintern is just an academic institution, Chinese political parties can selectively join this academic institution. The Civilization Party cooperates with this academic institution when the situation is certain. At this stage, the Comintern is not such an institution. I even agree quite a lot with Chairman He's evaluation of the Comintern's self-positioning. If the Soviet Union really wants to build a global Comintern system, this positioning is inappropriate. The current organizational structure is suffering harm before tasting any benefits!"

Li Dazhao had failed to discuss this matter with He Rui and didn't know He Rui's true views. The young man in front of him had joined the Civilization Party and was going to participate in the Central Party School training. Li Dazhao thought he should know some internal considerations of the Civilization Party, so he asked, "How so?"

"Communism is first an academic school, not a religious organization. Even with the lessons of the failure of the Second International, we must summarize the lessons and rebuild the school. And analyze and summarize the lessons of the previous split and even the various left-wing parties having to join the European War. The problem with the Third International lies in its simplicity and crudeness, believing that the reason for the failure of the Second International was the lack of a unified leadership center. As long as the leadership center is strong enough, the problem can be solved. It completely failed to notice that the reason for the failure of the Second International was that the Second International failed to inherit the academic ability of communism and failed to provide an effective knowledge system to the members of the Second International to help the members of the Second International solve their domestic problems."

Speaking of this, the young man also became a little excited. He picked up the water cup and took a sip, wiped his mouth, and continued, "Capitalists of the world have not yet united, so the basis for the unity of the proletariat of the world does not exist. The bourgeoisie is not that omnipotent. If they really had such great powers, they should be able to solve their domestic problems. If not described as the bourgeoisie, define them as reactionaries. Then who are the reactionaries, why are they reactionary, and what is the reason for their reaction? How to treat reactionaries? How to deal with reactionaries? This is an academic question and also a programmatic question of revolutionary action. In many parts, many thoughts of the people are actually the same as reactionaries."

Li Dazhao didn't like this last part. However, the young man's subsequent words made Li Dazhao feel difficult to respond to. "Through social investigation, we found that most landlords and Chinese merchants in concessions also oppose imperialism. That is to say, they may be revolutionary masses one moment and reactionaries the next. This is the reality we face now."